Enhancing Semantic Segmentation: Design and Analysis of Improved U-Net Based Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

In this research, we provide a state-of-the-art method for semantic segmentation that makes use of a modified version of the U-Net architecture, which is itself based on deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This research delves into the ins and outs of this cutting-edge approach to semantic segmentation in an effort to boost its precision and productivity. To perform semantic segmentation, a crucial operation in computer vision, each pixel in an image must be assigned to one of many predefined item classes. The proposed Improved U-Net architecture makes use of deep CNNs to efficiently capture complex spatial characteristics while preserving associated context. The study illustrates the efficacy of the Improved U-Net in a variety of real-world circumstances through thorough experimentation and assessment. Intricate feature extraction, down-sampling, and up-sampling are all part of the network's design in order to produce high-quality segmentation results. The study demonstrates comparative evaluations against classic U-Net and other state-of-the-art models and emphasizes the significance of hyperparameter fine-tuning. The suggested architecture shows excellent performance in terms of accuracy and generalization, demonstrating its promise for a variety of applications. Finally, the problem of semantic segmentation is addressed in a novel way. The experimental findings validate the relevance of the architecture's design decisions and demonstrate its potential to boost computer vision by enhancing segmentation precision and efficiency

Adaptive Video Watermarking With Multiple Cryptographic Salts

Abstract: A new technique for transmitting the required secret information by embedding the information into the video after encryption through Salt Cryptography. A 512 bit key value is determined for encryption and positioning of secret information in the video. The encryption will be done depending upon a password. But along with the password some pseudorandom Salt sequences are also there. We will define salts which are random numbers needed to access the encrypted data, along with the password. If an attacker does not know the password, and is trying to guess it with a bruteforce attack, then every password he tries has to be tried with each salt value. So, for a one-bit salt (0 or 1), this makes the encryption twice as hard to break in this way. A two bit salt makes it four times as hard, a three bit salt eight times as hard, etc. You can imagine how difficult it is to crack passwords with encryption that uses a 32-bit salt!. Salts are stored separately from passwords. That way, even if an attacker steals the password database, it is almost useless to him (if the salt has a lot of bits). The purpose of a salt is to add arbitrary random data to the string being hashed, such that you increase the length of input to hash

Role of cytokine in malignant T-cell metabolism and subsequent alternation in T-cell tumor microenvironment

T cells are an important component of adaptive immunity and T-cell-derived lymphomas are very complex due to many functional sub-types and functional elasticity of T-cells. As with other tumors, tissues specific factors are crucial in the development of T-cell lymphomas. In addition to neoplastic cells, T- cell lymphomas consist of a tumor micro-environment composed of normal cells and stroma. Numerous studies established the qualitative and quantitative differences between the tumor microenvironment and normal cell surroundings. Interaction between the various component of the tumor microenvironment is crucial since tumor cells can change the microenvironment and vice versa. In normal T-cell development, T-cells must respond to various stimulants deferentially and during these courses of adaptation. T-cells undergo various metabolic alterations. From the stage of quiescence to attention of fully active form T-cells undergoes various stage in terms of metabolic activity. Predominantly quiescent T-cells have ATP-generating metabolism while during the proliferative stage, their metabolism tilted towards the growth-promoting pathways. In addition to this, a functionally different subset of T-cells requires to activate the different metabolic pathways, and consequently, this regulation of the metabolic pathway control activation and function of T-cells. So, it is obvious that dynamic, and well-regulated metabolic pathways are important for the normal functioning of T-cells and their interaction with the microenvironment. There are various cell signaling mechanisms of metabolism are involved in this regulation and more and more studies have suggested the involvement of additional signaling in the development of the overall metabolic phenotype of T cells. These important signaling mediators include cytokines and hormones. The impact and role of these mediators especially the cytokines on the interplay between T-cell metabolism and the interaction of T-cells with their micro-environments in the context of T-cells lymphomas are discussed in this review article

Aquaculture

Not AvailableDNA-based vaccination or genetic immunization is one of the most promising, effective and prophylactic measures to control aquatic animal diseases. This immunization strategy involves administration of eukaryotic antigen expression vectors (DNA vaccine) into the host that encode for an antigen under the control of a eukaryotic promoter which resulted into elicitation of strong cellular and humoral immune responses. In the present study, a bicistronic DNA vaccine (designated as pGPD+IFN) was constructed which contains an additional immune adjuvant gene (Interferon gamma gene of Labeo rohita) along with a regular antigenic gene (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene of Edwardsiella tarda) with the purpose to maximize the protective efficacy of the vaccine against E. tarda infection. After construction of the vaccine a pilot study was orchestrated in vitro to ascertain the positive co-expression of the dual genes in vaccine-transfected SSN-1 cell line. Successful co-expression of GAPDH and IFN-? genes in the transfected cell were confirmed by Western blot and RT-PCR respectively. Further, an in vivo vaccine trial was conducted in which rohu (L. rohita) fingerlings were intramuscularly (I/M) injected (initial and booster immunised) with two DNA constructs one group with pGPD+IFN and the other with pGPD (containing GAPDH gene only) and challenged with E. tarda (1 ? 105 CFU/fish) at 35 day post-initial vaccination. The protective immune responses were determined in terms of relative percentage survival (RPS), specific antibody production, non-specific immune response and expression kinetics of immune-related iNOS gene. Evaluation of RPS analysis revealed that pGPD+IFN group recorded highest RPS of 63.16% while the pGPD vaccinated group showed 47.37% when compared with 63.33% cumulative mortality of control group. The results regarding respiratory burst activity, myeloperoxidase activity as well as antibody titre also showed pGPD+IFN group with highest activities at all the time points. Furthermore, the current study displayed pGPD+IFN group having significant (p < 0.05) upregulation of iNOS gene transcript at 24?48 h post-immunization (both initial and booster dose) as well as after challenge. Thus, from this study, we can conclude that the bicistronic vaccine can be an effective immunization strategy in orchestrating a coordinative immune response against E. tarda in L. rohita

Not Available

Not AvailableDNA-based vaccination or genetic immunization is one of the most promising, effective and prophylactic measures to control aquatic animal diseases. This immunization strategy involves administration of eukaryotic antigen expression vectors (DNA vaccine) into the host that encode for an antigen under the control of a eukaryotic promoter which resulted into elicitation of strong cellular and humoral immune responses. In the present study, a bicistronic DNA vaccine (designated as pGPD+IFN) was constructed which contains an additional immune adjuvant gene (Interferon gamma gene of Labeo rohita) along with a regular antigenic gene (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene of Edwardsiella tarda) with the purpose to maximize the protective efficacy of the vaccine against E. tarda infection. After construction of the vaccine a pilot study was orchestrated in vitro to ascertain the positive co-expression of the dual genes in vaccine-transfected SSN-1 cell line. Successful co-expression ofGAPDH andIFN-γ genesin the transfected cellwere confirmed byWestern blot and RT-PCR respectively. Further, an in vivo vaccine trial was conducted in which rohu (L. rohita)fingerlings were intramuscularly (I/M) injected (initial and booster immunised) with two DNA constructs one group with pGPD+IFN and the other with pGPD (containing GAPDH gene only) and challenged with E. tarda (1×105CFU/fish) at 35day post-initial vaccination. The protective immune responses were determined in terms of relative percentage survival (RPS), specific antibody production, non-specific immune response and expression kinetics of immune-related iNOS gene. Evaluation of RPS analysis revealed that pGPD+IFN group recordedhighestRPSof63.16%whilethepGPDvaccinatedgroupshowed47.37%whencomparedwith63.33% cumulativemortalityofcontrolgroup.Theresultsregardingrespiratoryburstactivity, myeloperoxidaseactivity as well as antibody titre also showed pGPD+IFN group with highest activities at all the time points. Furthermore,thecurrentstudydisplayedpGPD+IFNgrouphavingsignificant(p < 0.05)upregulationofiNOS gene transcript at 24–48h post-immunization (both initial and booster dose) as well as after challenge. Thus, from this study, we can conclude that the bicistronic vaccine can be an effective immunization strategy in orchestrating a coordinative immune response against E. tarda in L. rohita.Not Availabl